Narrative Theories

Narrative Theories 

Vladimir Propp

Vladimir Propp was a Russian critic and a literary theorist that enjoyed what he did. Focusing on the fairy tale side of literature. He analysed over 100 fairy tales int he early 1920's, and was renowned for his research. Vladimir founded the idea that a certain type of character and be found, and used in mostly everything. To this day, his theories have inspired many from writers to film makers.

The theory goes as follows, Propp suggested that every media (fairy tales) have a set of specific characters. There characters hold a specific role and trate that make them who they are. here is the list of the characters:

• The villain- The villain, usually, fight the hero in the story and wishes to win. Usually considered evil. 
• The dispatcher- Usually standing as a tyrant, the dispatcher is makes the evil known and sends the hero off. Can be considered evil and/ or good. 
• The (magical) helper- usually the helper is the person that supports and helps the hero throughout the media text it is being presented through.
• The princess/ prize- the hero usually, is aiming toward achieving and when them. Usually, fighting throughout the story to win them. By doing so, they have defeated the villain and the story usually end in a happy ever after. 
• Her father- usually as the quest giver, the role is summed up in the following. The identify the false hero (villain), gives the hero the task and then marries them at the end. 
• The donor- stands as sort of the person who gives the hero what it is necessary to succeed in his journey. 
• The hero or victim/seeker hero- usually reacts to the donor and proceeds to marry the princess. 
• False hero- takes the credit for the heroes action and attempts to marry the princess.

Example 

Fairy Liquid Advert 2015 

This theory can be applied to the fairly liquid advert in 2015. The way in which i look t this and view it, I determine that the advert displays all the trates and characters that reside in the list above. Not all characters are obvious and some are not involved. The role of the villain, is seen in the calendar. The wait is something that the child has to overcome for the advert to have a resolve. 

The role of the hero, is seen in the child, the reason being is the child is on a journey overcoming the wait and story to get what he wants at the end. The prize in this story is the fairy liquid bottle in the advert, the child, wants the bottle so bad that he faces the journey and keeps going until he receives his prize. The Father is the advert stand to represent the helper as he is assisting the hero is his journey to get the fairy liquid bottle. 

Tzvetan Todorov

Tzvetan was renounced for being a franco-bulgaria philospher, He lived in France since the early 1960's and wrote several books about different theories and there application. He published a total 21 books spanning his life so far. His theories and historical interests have focused on issues such as issues like the Americans and the Nazis and Stalinist. 

Equilibrium
The first part of the story will display a happy start usually consisting of a peaceful surrounding idealistic beginning of the story. Usually showing everyone enjoying life until the villain arrives to ruin this.

Disruption
The next part in the situation is the disruption where the problem occurs. The problem seems to effect the happiness and the peaceful living that the characters are currently in. This applies to a range of different medias as the disruption can come in a rand of different shapes or forms.

Realisation
At this point, everyone in the media realises that the problem and chaos insures and causes a  lot of havoc and up roar. The realisation can have a different effect on the overall plot of the media/ story.

Restoration
At this stage, the restoration/ restored order is the point in which the tide changes and restoration is restored and the calm begins again. Usually taking place after the final battle or conflict which resolves all issues.  

Example 
A example of this would be Batman the dark night, at the beginning the batman demonstrates the equilibrium by going about his daily life. He continues to what he does daily until  the disruption is involved which is presented by joker. The disruption effects the city causing up roars and confusion as to what and how is he doing it.

This is when the realisation comes into play as the characters have the realisation of what has happened and what will be indeed to do with it. This is present when the explosion happens and batman loses his love. This is when the realisation is ending as batman defeats joker and the new restoration beginning.

Levi Strauss

Levi was a french anthropologist who lived in the early 1900's. His theory talk about the way in which we react to certain words depending on the context. The theory talks about binary opposites. Usually the binary opposites depends on the context in which the word is used. For example, the word evil, is a direct opposite of the word hero but that is only present int he situation it is placed. So in some context the word evil will not have the opposing word good. 

Example 
A example of this would be in the fairy liquid advert in the 1960s. The theory stands as a ways of viewing the binary opposites in adverts and other media. So, when reviewing the advert we automatically assume the characters are mother and daughter. 
The opposites to this would be that the mother could be evil and or not related in anyway shape or form. If she was holding a knife or anything else, we would assume that the girl isn't related to her. 

 Roland Barthes.

Roland Barthes suggests that there is 5 codes that apply to a range of media in a different ways. he described the media texts as closed or either open. Here are the 5 codes:- 

• Heremeneutic/ Enigma code- refers to a mystery hidden within the text clues can be dropped but are never completely exposed. Usually existing in the enigmas to make the audience want to find out  ore about what has happened or what will happen. 
• Proairetic/Action code-  this code contains action confiding with the text or other sequential elements of other text. 
• Semantic code- usually this code refers to the parts of the text that are additional including different meanings. Different codes are called Semes. This codes aims to layer different meanings. 
• Symbolic code- This code itself focuses on symbolism and making reference to different symbolic imagery. Usually used to create a further meaning and more imagery for the audience viewing it.  
• Referential code-  the code usually relates to anything that anything that stands as a external body of knowledge or science. 

Example 

When relating to the fairy liquid advert or better fairy liquid as a company have built upon there own codes and developed them and build on them. They have taken previous codes and refer to them now building up and adding more to them. Not only does the theory apply to the Fairy liquid advert, it apply to a lot other advert that use subliminal messages through product 

Fairy liquid Advert Analysis

Fairy Liquid Semiotics 

1960 advert  

Fairy liquid adverts have changed over time, becoming more racially diverse and gender equal. Back in the 1960's, fairy liquid adverts were direct and concise about what they were trying to sell. focusing on establishing the social norm of the mother washing up. The mother washing up shows the nature of the advert straight away, directing you to what the advert is going to be about. Throughout the advert, it is black and white. This is a representation for the time-period that the advert was released in. The signifier in the picture to the side is the women washing up. what is signified by this is the social acceptance of the ideology of only the women being the house keeper. 

The advert itself doesn’t build upon bringing in any guys to use the product. The women using the product, symbolic signs that this is what it would like in that era. A connotation appears between the two, as you directly think that the girl and women are mother and daughter. The reason that the male is not in the advert, is due to the ideology of as we assume the male is at work. Another connotation would be, the girl present is gardening. This is a representative that girls usually stay at home and work away at the house. You can see that the genres of the adverts are to inform and to advertise the product. 

1992 advert

As time progressed and the new millennium grown close, the effect of new development and editing software. The video was shot in colour and the cuts are smoother than the previous advert. The ideologies of this episode is that the male figure in the family is out working. The denotations of this clip is to do with the daughter speaking to the mother an calling her mother as well.  

The denotation is that the girl is also owning a shop which is a different thing that would be expected. Even after so many years, the stereotype still exists with the female staying at home washing up. It is expanded on in this advert as she is also taking care of a child. In the previous video, there is no direct denotation that they are related but in this there is.  In this advert, the genre is personified through the feeling it gives your hands. The genre of the advert is aimed to the female population and is sold through sensations int he hands and the way the mother was saying 'i treated myself'. This is shows that the use of the fairy liquid is more of a life choice then a washing up liquid. 

2015 advert 

After the previous advert it comes to the 2015 one. The advert itself is a lot different to the previous breaking away from the previous stereotypes coinciding with the previous adverts. The change in time period is present, as you can see from the characters alone. The characters are different interns of the gender. They use male actors to play the roles of the house husband and child. 

We see a denotation that they are related through the bond between the man and the son. This is through the speech saying father. A possible connotation would be that the mother is not in the picture and that it is just the father. This advert steams away from the normality of the previous adverts that talk about the mother being in the kitchen. Approaching this from a non-sexist view, the male figure shows how women and men are on the same level as each other. So, having the female out of the shot shows that the man could have been a single parent or a stay at home dad. In this advert, the advert shows the usage side of building on what has been said int he advert throughout the years. The adverts talks about how much it can be used overall again and again. 

Genre

Genre

What distinguishes in adverts? 

Usually a advert, is provided to sell a item or product to the consumer. Adverts are considered short and in other ways promotional videos selling what they want you to buy.  

What kind of images? 

The imagery in adverts would be used to, help you associate with the advert when those items are seen. For example, if you see a sunset for a washing up liquid advert, the association will make you recognise outside of the adverts context. The imagery of adverts, are usually positive, expressing how a certain product can make you life like this or effect it int some sort of way.  Statistics, Slogans, eye catching images. 

What characters do we tend to see? 

The characters themselves relate to the product that they are trying to sell. The product could be to sell a item of clothing to girls, so, the advert is more likely to have women expressing interest to the clothing. Celebrity endorsement 

What sort of expectations? 

The viewers usually expect adverts to have specific meaning and or expression that come with the products. Most, finding adverts annoying and not in there interest but some find advert amusing and buy what they sell. Aimed towards you.

Can you identity the different kinds of adverts? 

Gaming adverts 

Hair product adverts 

Protein shake

demonstration adverts, promotion adverts 

last session

4 narrative theorists

Roland Baches

a story/ media text has various different meanings. 5 meanings 

Levi Strauss 

binary oppositions 

Narrative based upon the stories narrative that can be through beliefs and good and evil. 

fairy liquid- cleaning loads of plates- other brands 

how we catergories things- day and night- good and evil 

  

vladimir plop

literary critic and challenged it 

vilian 

dispatcher 

Tristain todorof 

4 steps to a story 

equilibrium 

disruption 

realisation 

restoration 

new equilibrium  

Media effects

Mean world syndrome

Mean world syndrome is the way in which the media make things to be worse than they are. Usually referring to news, it talks about how the media make the news and the world to be worse than it is in terms of things like violence. There have been quite a few people saying that the different things that happen across the world shouldn’t be blown up. There was a shooting in a school in Germany, and the media blew it up. They got unnecessary videos of the murderer before the crime to make the news progress on and keep going.

It creates a paranoia and can induce fear into the modern-day society. This syndrome can be related to the columbine massacre. The recreation and the dramatisations being shown on a range of different media platforms. These different types are all seen and can influence the way the public feel about the issues in America. The reactions of what happened, this can influence another form of the same issue. This identifies the issue as the incident happened so long ago but it is still bought up till this day. The incident was made into a film with Michael Moore called bowling for columbine. 

Moral panic
Moral panic, is the rise of a subject or new story in the media that causes the media to act upon it and blow it out of the water. Moral panic, is the way that the media extenuate the news making it seem a lot worse then it actually is. The theory goes around and creates a dramatic reaction from the audience making them believe what is being said but also makes the audience blow it out of the water. As well as this, the theory states that as soon as there is a new story the previous story is faded into nothing and the new story is blown out of proportion. 

Reception theory

Reception Theory 

The theory suggests that there are 3 different categories people fall under when reviewing social media. The categories are, Dominant, this theory is when the audience completely agree with what is being said on screen. Oppositionist, is when the audience member or party has a negative response disagreeing with what is being said. Negotiated, is when the audience member or party has response which is positive and negative response and they agree and disagree with what is being said.

The theory itself can be related to films. The response can be show through the different point of views in terms of the way we watch and enjoy different films. The theory can relate to how we enjoy films and whether they like or dislike the movie.

Relation to media

-          The news- the news itself can have different views upon it as we all interpret things different and make our own conclusion based upon facts that the news portrays

-          Facebook- Facebook shares a wide range of information relating it to a wide range of different subject matter. It is the way that we respond to it that can infer what we believe to be correct and false.

Pros

The theory can be used in a wide range of different media steaming from news to twitter, the theory can help to support with what we agree with to disagree with.  With modern day technology, the theory can come into play with how many people look at it on the internet and how many shares it on the internet, through the different social media.

Criticisms

The theory can be one sided if the wrong information was given to the different social media and the new in general. Can be displayed negatively if most information is given negatively showing only the one side of people’s views.


Look to Bowling for columbine for example.

Bowling for Columbine

Bowling for columbine

Opening clip- Dominant 

The opening scene is displaying all the major catastrophes that have happened in past years that effect the united states of America in some way shape of form. The opening clip is perceived with a dominant response as it focuses on displaying the history behind past events.  The way I which he uses historical events that could shine the united states in bad light influence the audience to agree with him.

For example, In the bowling for columbine excerpt, Events such as Osama bin Laden training terrorists to kill US citizens. This made America believe that guns are the way forward to live, they were wrong. The US use the guns a form of reaction that allows them to defend themselves from a harm less matter.

Bank scene- Negotiated 

The scene at the bank, shows the audience how easy it is to get a gun in America. The fact that someone can walk into a bank and get one for free is insane. In the scene Michael Moore walks into a bank souly on the purpose that they would be handing out a gun to him after opening an account. In the scene, you can see that the bank itself, the receptionist does say they give out free guns.  

The dominant response to this would be, Michael Moore’s approach. Focusing on showing the outlandish approach to issues that affect America. The fact that a bank is handing out guns is crazy and they have the guns in the bank. As Michael said do you think its dangerous handing out guns at a bank. The section where he is signing the documents, the bank worker is explaining how they can legally deal firearms as they are licenced. Whilst he is signing that documents he pulls up that he can be mentally defective a but he can still get gun for making an account.

The oppositional response to this would be found when doing background research. When researching I discovered that Michael Moore in fact took the gun into the bank and asked them to help him film this scene. The bank do indeed hand out the guns to the people that create accounts with them but the Michael failed to display the background checks that take up to 6 months to make sure they mentally fit to actually have the gun.

Interview with Nichols- Oppositional 

During the interview with Nicholas, it talks about the effects that guns can have on people. The interview covers the views and opinions of Nichols on guns. I take a oppositional response to this scene as I see as what Nicholas is saying as to be right in terms of his views as to his rights. Stating that the guns are to do with his right and that he has his gun to show that he can do what he wants to do.


Nichols agrees that the explosion and live taking is wrong but the decision to have your own gun is your choice which I agree with. Michael in this scene would say is the oppressive force and stands for the accusation of Nichols of having a gun. Michael is saying that having a gun is like the explosion itself, accusing him that he could be like his brother.

Passive and Active Consumption

Passive and Active Audiences 

Passive audience usually fall under a sort of brainwash when it comes to the different types of media. Usually believing everything they read or get shown, the audience don't question it and take it as it is. This is where the difference between passive and active come into play. A active audience member, usually questions the things they see and don' get effected by what they see. Usually, the active audience focuses on trying to confirm something mainly news related.

Relations to media
- News
- Protests

Positives
The positive sides to this theory would be the overall impact of hearing the possibility of two different arguments and understandings of what is going on when there is at least a passive and active audience there. When viewing the media you usually only get one of the two and that usually is passive.

Criticisms
The theory itself is very one sided in that, it strive to present the media to only listen one side of the argument and this can cause up roar in what people read. For example, the presidential election. The different presidential candidates had there own different audiences. From my point of view, i would say that, Donald's audience was a very active audience but passive in-terms of swallowing the message of what Donald will bring to america. Active in a way that they will go to rallies to support there campaigns.

Uses and Gratifications

Uses and gratifications

The way in which we use the media rather than the way in which the media uses us. We use the media for your own use and can look at what we want and do what we want. The use of the internet and other media such as films, are all created for or individual viewing. The media itself can be optional, ranging from television to advertisements. The main use is to understand how people search for the different types of media to satisfy what they want. The theory itself is a audience focused approach to the mass audience communication. It mainly refers with what people do with media rather then what the media does to the audience. 

Relation to social media-

-          Facebook- we use it browse and see what people are doing

-          YouTube- we use it to watch what we want to watch

-          4oD- we can watch shows that interest us

Positives

The theory itself is very audience based in terms of its about what they want nothing else. The audience itself makes their own decisions. Some more of the positives would be, the audience can access a wide range of different social media and other sites without the possible chance of being  forced to view something that they does not want to. At the end of the day, the media is there for us to look at and view what we want. 

Criticism

People have disrupted the theory as the public believe that have no control over the media and what they produce on it. This refers to films and TV shows, the production of the media I usually made for the entire benefit of the producer and director. Another criticism would be that, on certain social media for example YouTube, there is a lot of advertisements that can't be skipped. This is proof that the theory has  some downsides to do with the viewing what you want.

Hypodermic needle theory Task 6.3

Hypodermic Needle Theory  

The summary of the hypodermic needle theory, is a piece of information that is display to the audience or focus groups that gets the same reaction. Established back in the 1930’s, it was seen originally seen as propaganda for troops to fight in wars. It symbolises itself as a message that intern people will follow and have the exact same reaction to.

The old-style propaganda would cover the use of subliminal messaging as way of inferring the audience what to think. The use of the image here would be to show the female part of the audience profile hat they should be doing whilst the men are of fighting in the war. This is seen using planes flying over the women whilst she is standing hands raised. The reason for this propaganda is to make women come work. It has pros and cons that relate to the propaganda. Some of the pros is that the poster is simplistic in a way that it can be made several times over and be seen by quite a few people.

Whereas with this type of document and other propaganda, there is a lot of cons that come into play. The use of this type of propaganda show how the female population back then, having an empty mind that they can fill with the thoughts of working in a factory. Another con would also be how the approach to the propaganda, would lead them to believe that what the message entails is the correct way they should approach the subject. The posters themselves suggest that the female viewers are passive and easily swayed into doing what the posters bluntly say. The posters are presented clearly and easy to understand so the information is direct and concise.

Another example of the theory would be during a radio broadcast of the Halloween special of H.G wells play ‘War of the Worlds’. The ply itself was presented as news bulletins that convinced the audience that there was actual alien invasion happening. This is a prime example of the theory as it shows how thing can become misunderstood and people believe what is being said on the radio. This is shows how much the theory could affect people back in 1938.

This example helps to present the cons behind the theory itself, it only places the message inside the person’s mind and doesn’t do anything to make sure that they do it. It receives the same reaction back then but as the theory is looked upon now there are several references that we can use to check the idea and make sure that it is genuine. Today with have several news websites to cross check the accusation. Whereas back then they would be more inclined to believe what they have been told. It used the ignored the audience free will and concluded that no matter what they will do what the message asks. Due to the mass reaction of the broadcast, it shows how there is not individual response to what is happening. 

Task 1 unit 6.2

Understand how media producers create products for specific audiences

The Target Audience

The Sun

The sun's target audience, Is mainly aimed at people above in the age bracket of, 18 and over. the age range is easily seen, through the front cover along. Mainly focusing on the anchored text about celebrities and the comical if not informal fonts and titles for each different piece. The sun itself uses a lot of images with querky and humour headings that aim to inadvertently tell what the article is about by adding humour.

In terms of this, here you can see a previous headline used by the sun, that may come across as humorous but talking about a serious subject.

On this cover, you can see, the way the font is laid out in a way that the audience will be more inclined to by the magazine. The newspaper itself, has print circulation of 1,696,685 and reader 4,316,000. The facts here explain about how much The Sun magazine is sold and the amount of people who actually read it as well. The information itself, also talk about the people who read the magazine and there age range. When looking through the information about the age range of people reading the magazine, 25.9% of people reading are 65 and older. The age bracket that read the magazine range from 45-64 and over as the percentages are at the highest of people reading The Sun.

The sun is written the way it is, to cater to a mass audience. They wouldn't think twice about using informal text or slang words in there articles as they focusing on getting the information across in more of a way that people can read easily. 

Information Sourced from

http://www.newsworks.org.uk/The-Sun

The Times

The Times target audience, is aimed at the more intellectual and also the more upper classes in society. The newspaper uses a lot of different layouts but always makes sure that the masthead of the newspaper is at the top in every newspaper as it is the most recognisable for the audience to notice and make them want to read it.

When doing research into the the times newspaper, I discovered that the majority of people reading the newspaper are aged from 65 and over, coming out at 34%. The newspaper tries to display information in more bulk text to create more of a audience that will only read the front to get there information for the day.

The Times use formal language, as the newspaper itself is more focused towards the upper class and also the more formal part of society.  The Times focus themselves to more of high end society as the terminology and language is focused souly on people with high end roles in the industry.    

 Cross comparison  

You can tell the difference between the two newspapers for there different approach on the different subject matter. The sun approach the situations with a sense of humour and intelligent tag lines, these help to high light the context without giving to much away. this is a lot different to the times as they approach subject matter in a formal way that they can cover the story while approaching it from several angles. The sun focus on covering a lot of celebrity happenings where as the times focus on covering more politics and more upper class subjects that need more of a overall point of view.

Codes and Conventions

Codes are what makes a different understanding using media text. Codes can be divided into two categories technical and symbolic, and when looking at the sun magazine. They use the form of technical codes. They use very prominent headings that contain a wide range of skills. Including humour at the main part. The Sun audience are attracted to the in your face font of the front cover. The use the strap line to explain the main article through a brief and somewhat self-explanatory tag line.

Technical codes and conventions

The Sun 

Masthead

The masthead for all of the suns newspapers is in the same, place done to show that this is their brand and title of the newspaper. It easy to identify with the newspaper, and understand easier the name of the newspaper. The positioning of the masthead is a convention that makes it easier to see when placed on shelves.  Placing other newspapers in front, you can still see the name and find it easily. 

Headings

The heading of this piece, is quite basic but straight to the point of what the newspaper is talking about. Usually done to attract the audience to find out more about what the newspaper is going to be talking about. 

Pug

The pugs are condensed small adverts in the corners of the newspaper. On the sun magazine, this can be found by the masthead of the newspaper. As time progress the adverts usually become more and more related the festive seasons. As you can see in the image, the advert in the corner of the newspaper is talking about Christmas trees. 

Splash

The sun use a lot of splash content to get people to buy their newspaper. Their main headline is usually the one that is on the front cover. On this cover it talks about celebs and benefits that are associated with the UK. The newspaper as well has a lot of information that is to do with the presidential election 

Photograph

The photograph on the sun newspapers that is in the centre of the page is usually about the main article and is used to get people to read the story. On this cover the images are smaller then usually and they to do with the main stories that are this issue. 

Strapline

The straplines used in the sun magazines are usually related to the main article, giving a brief explanation of what is being spoken about. The strapline in this sun newspaper is talking about exclusives and also the celebs personal life. 

Semiotics 

The colouring of the Sun is a lot more vibrant and also more eye catching to make people more inclined to read it. The use of red in such a block colour is more likely to intrigue someone and also male them feel as if they are looking at something that is uplifting and enlightening. This issue of the newspaper also advertises Christmas trees in the corner, the use of green surrounding the x mas tree, is representative of a clam colour that is associated with Christmas. 

The Times 

Masthead

The mast head on The Times newspaper is present a lot more in a formal way to show what audience age bracket and part of the NRS scale they fit into. Whereas the sun new paper uses a lot of informal spelling and colouring in their title.  The only down side to The Times front cover would be, that when it is placed on a shelf for purchase is going to be harder to find as there isn’t much of a indication that lets the audience know what the newspaper is.

Splash

There isn’t a splash per say as the front cover of The Times Newspaper, as the main page story isn’t referred to mush after.

Strapline

The strapline is easily notice able as it is places directly below the mast head and can be easily noted by the box surrounding it.

Photograph

Unlike The Sun, The times on this issue only displays the main image but not to large that it will distract you from the text surrounding it.

Heading

The Times use formal terminology and keep it small to describe the story but apart from that, it is plan and formal straight to the point as well. The difference between this and The Sun, is the use of size. The Sun use the same font and style but on a much larger scale to catch the audiences eye whereas this is only to explain and simplify what the article is about.

Byline

The Byline, is mainly seen on more formal and high end newspapers. A Byline is the name and date of release of the article. Looking at the times sometimes the information is outsourced so therefore they must refer to who’s work it is.  The use of byline is also display who wrote this article to get there name out into the world. 

Caption 

The caption of the image seen underneath the image in The Times newspaper. It is used to display the person who got and took the image and a brief overview including things like locations and dates.  The use of a captions is to explain the image and tell you what the image is about. 

Cross head 

The cross head is used to divide content from another. Taking the place of sub heading, the use of cross heads usually to illustrate key points that take place during the article/text.  The cross head in the issue above is subtle by being small and therefore only giving the information but keeping it quick.  

Cross comparison

When reviewing the two different newspapers, the reason behind the difference is the layout and text. The reason the sun is a tabloid, is because The Sun uses more image based on the front cover whereas The Times is more text based. This can be seen from the images above and the use of by-lines to create contrast. The Sun, in the image above, it is very clear that the sun focuses more on celebrity news as well whereas the times focuses on the more politics side of the news. The Times itself includes things like by-lines and Cross heads. These are signs of broadsheets, the inclusion of this shows the more formal way The Times is written. In comparison to The Sun, the information on the front cover and the cover itself do not include these different things. The reason being as The Sun is more of a company and most of the articles were written by them. This is where the use of by-lines can show how the information for the artless is sourced. The Times sometimes use other media outlets, such as reporters and interviews. Therefore, to reduce the chance of copyright they would place the writers name at the end to show who wrote the article. The article can also be written by them and the by line can be used to create more popularity for writer. The cross head on the times magazine is the same on the different broadsheets out there. The difference between this and The Sun would be that the sun doesn’t have them. The main article is the main heading on The Sun and the other information is just put into little page numbers including a short title. The use of cross heads on The Times is to make sure that the reader knows what other information is key to the newspaper. This shows the difference between the two different types of newspapers and shows the audience what will be important in the newspaper. 

The Sun moodboard                                                                         The Times moodboard 

Fusion- The Times

 I chose to go for something that I believe to be elegant and nice looking to go with The Times magazine. I believe that you are more likely to find a fusion magazine with The Times as it is more catered to the higher end of the spectrum. The nice looking magazine i would see come free in the newspaper as it is catered towards the more higher up in job roles.  

Direct- The Sun 

I chose to make direct for the sun as it is more simplistic and catering towards the sort of average occupation and families. I thought you would be more likely to find the something very basic in The Sun Newspaper. I feel like News UK should use these front covers as both of them could be adapted to create a even better front cover that will appeal to entire audience. 

NRS website 

Interviews 

Per the NRS website, an interview is a continuous survey that takes course over the extent of 12 months and for 7 days a week. During this there will be a sample, usually consisting of about 30,000 interviews that take place throughout the course of the year.  Usually the age range starts from the ages of 15 and over therefore getting a wide amount of views and information. This is usually called a large sample then a random sample is formed. These interviews take place at randomly selected locations with completely random and unrelated interviewees. Usually the interviews are conducted at the interviewees home and take about 30 mins to finish.  The questions talk about where they get their newspapers and other media. This helps to place them into the NRS scale and get a lot of info about them just from there newspapers. 

The 5 step of Measuring the Readership 

Per to the NRS website, it is estimated that there is over 230 different types of publication, that include over 158 consumer magazines and 39 newspaper supplements. The everyday person will consume over 15 different publications a year and this effects the overall total. Per the website, it talks about creating a level playing field. This then helps to create a easy to read publication. It talks about moving the participants throughout the long process and by keeping the questions and titles easily it helps to make it clear to understand. This could help to make sure that you are catering to the vast audience for the newspaper just refer back to reader ship and the NRS scale.